Types and type conversions

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What does the following code return? type(2)	`<class 'int'>` is returned. `2` is an instance of the `int` class.
What does the following code return? type(3.5)	`<class 'float'>` is returned. `3.5` is as instance of the `float` class.
What does the following code return? type(False)	`<class 'bool'>` is returned. `False` is an instance of the `bool` class.
What does the following code return? isinstance(2, int)	`True` is returned because `2` is an instance of the `int` class.
What does the following code return? isinstance(False, bool)	`True` is returned because `False` is an instance of the `bool` class.
What does the following code return? int("7") == 7	`True` is returned. The `int()` function converts a string into an integer.
What does the following code return? int("happy")	This code raises a ValueError with the following message: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'happy'. The "happy" string cannot be converted into an integer, so Python raises an error.
What does the following code return? bool(1)	`True` is returned. The integer 1 is converted to `True` by the `bool()` function. The integer 0 is converted to `False` by the `bool()` function (i.e. `bool(0) == False`).
What does the following code return? str("42")	`42` is returned. The `str()` function converts a string to an integer.
What does the following code return? 2 + 3	`5` is returned. The `+` operation performs addition when both of the operands are integers.
What does the following code return? 4 + 5.0	`9.0` is returned. Notice that `9.0` is returned, not `9`. The `+` operator returns a floating point number when one operand is an integer and the other operand is a floating point number.
What does the following code return? "cat" + "dog"	`"catdog"` is returned. The `+` operator performs string concatenation when both arguments are strings.
What does the following code return? "cup" + 1	This code raises a TypeError with the following message: must be str, not int. Python cannot perform string concatenation when one operand is a string and the other operand is an integer, so it raises an error.
What does the following code return? "hi" + str(5)	`'hi5'` is returned. The `str()` function is used to convert `5` into "5". String concatenation can be performed once the integer 5 is converted to a string.